The Game of Tennis Essay Example for Free

The Game of Tennis Essay The history of tennis is said to date back several of thousands of years. The game was created by European monks. It began as a game for â€Å"entertainment purposes during religious ceremonies. To begin the game of tennis one was too hit the ball with their hand, soon the leather glove came into existence. This now replaced ones hand with a more effective way to hit and serve the ball, and so the first â€Å"racquet† was created. With a new way to hit the tennis balls, then the ball went under reconstruction and redesign seeing as the first tennis ball was wooden. Soon the new ball was bouncier, it was made of leather filled with cellulose material. The game of tennis soon became very popular in Europe, then in france as it was adopted by the royal family. But in the beginning tennis was called â€Å"Jeu de paumme† – the game of the palm, and it was played by kings and noblemen. The French players began the game by yelling the word â€Å"tenez!† which meant â€Å"Play!† The name was then changed to royal or â€Å"real tennis.† In 1874 the first tennis courts came to be in the United States and Major Walter Wingfield had requested the patent rights for the equipment and rules of the game. The game spread like wild fire to different parts of the world like, Russia, Canada, India and China. Although Wingfield’s version of the tennis courts and rules of the game underwent a many changes until it gave way to the modern version of tennis we play today. The earliest of origins of tennis are said to be a matter of â€Å"some dispute.† Some believe that the ancient Egyptians, Greeks and Romans were the first to play tennis, but no drawings or descriptions to prove this information has ever been discovered. One this we do know is a few Arabic words dating from ancient Egyptian times are cited as evidence. The name tennis comes from the Egyptian town, Tinnis and the word racquet is Arabic for palm of the hand. Aside from those two words, evidence to prove any form of the game tennis being played or created the year 1000 is lacking, and most people and historians credit the first origins to the French. As far as the rules of the game of Tennis I decided to get simplified version of them which I had found on another High School’s website. â€Å"The rules of tennis are quite simple. The game itself is complex. Rule 1. Opponents stand on opposite sides of the court. The player who delivers the ball to start the point is called the server. The player who stands opposite and cross-court from the server is the receiver. Rule 2. The right to serve, receive, choose your side, or give the opponent these choices is decided by a toss of a coin or racquet. If the choice of service or receiver is chosen, the opponent chooses which side to start. Rule 3. The server shall stand behind the baseline on the deuce court within the boundaries of the singles court when playing singles and within the doubles sideline when playing doubles. All even points are played from the deuce court and odd number points played from the advantage court. The server shall not serve until the receiver is ready. Serves are made from the deuce court to the opponents service box on the deuce court. Advantage court to advantage box. If the server misses his target twice, he loses the point. If the ball hits the net and goes in the correct service box, another serve is granted. If the server steps on the baseline before contact is made, the serve is deemed a fault. Rule 4. The receiver is deemed ready if an attempt is made to return the servers ball. The receiver can stand where he likes but must let the ball bounce in the service box. If the ball does not land in the service box, it is deemed a fault and a second serve is given. If the ball is hit by either opponent before the ball bounces, the server wins the point. Rule 5. The server always calls his score first. If the server wins the first point, he gets a score of 15. Scoring is done like a clock. See example below. Love means zero in tennis. The second point is called 30. The third point is called 45 (now-a-days known as 40) and game is won when the score goes back to love. If the score is 40-40, also known as deuce, one side must win by two points. Advantage-In means if the server wins the next point, he wins the game. Advantage-Out means the receiver has a chance to win the game on the next point. LOVE 15-30-40 Rule 5. After the game, the opponents serve. Games equal 1. The first to win 6 games, by two, wins the set. The first to win 2 sets wins the match. If the score is 6-6, a tie-breaker is played. This is scored by ones. The first team to score 7 points winning by two wins the set. The tiebreaker continues until one side wins by two. Hence, Game-Set-Match. Rule 6. If the ball goes into the net, or outside the boundaries of the court, the player who hit that ball loses the point. If the ball hits the net during the point and goes into the opponents court, the ball is in play. A player loses the point if he touches the net, drops his racquet while hitting the ball, bounces the ball over the net, hits a part of the surroundings such as the roof, or a tree, the ball touches him or his partner, he deliberately tries to distract the opponent. Rule 7. A let is called during the point if a ball rolls on the court or there is a distraction from someone besides the players on the court. Rule 8. A ball that lands on the line is good. Rule 9. If players serve out of turn or serve to the wrong person or court, the point or game will stand and order will be resumed following the point or game. Also while researching the game of tennis I came across a list of the tennis terminology that made the definitions easier to understand for a beginner in tennis as well as someone just looking into the sport. As I read the terminologies I decided to make a table list for all of them with the definitions that the website provided for me. TermsDefinitions Ad CourtThe advantage court is the left side of the court for each player AdvantageAfter the score has reached 40-all, the winner of the next point will have the advantage, requiring another point to win the game. If the player with advantage loses the next point, the score reverts to 40-all. AlleyThe area of court bounded by the singles and doubles sidelines, used in doubles games. Angle-gameStyle of play where the all is hot so as to force the opponent wide of the court BackhandThe tennis stroke in which the ball is struck on the opposite side of the body to the racquet hand. BallThe tennis ball is made rubber with a green/yellow fury coating BallboysAssistants whose job it is to collect the ball and return it to the serving player. BaselineTwo-inch wide mark at the rear of the court CrosscourtA crosscourt shot is played diagonally across the court Double FaultWhen a server faults twice in a row, and a point is lost. Deucea score of 40 all Deuce Courtthe right side of the court of each player Drop ShotA volley in which the ball drops just over the net ForecourtArea of court between the service line and the net FootfaultWhen a server places their foot over the service line in the process of serving the ball FaultDuring a serve, when the ball does not land inside the service area on the full. The player loses a point after two consecutive faults. LinesmanOfficial who sits in a chair along lines of the court to call whether balls are in or out. LobA ball hit high in the air attempting to land behind the opposition player NetThe barrier that separates the two halves of the court. Net cord judgeOfficial who determines if the serve hits the net. RallyA series of consecutive shots played by opponents before a winner ServeOverhead shot to start each point Stanceposition of the body prior to playing a shot SpinA method of stroke play which induces a pronounced rolling of the ball in the air either sideways, forwards or backwards depending on whether the racquet face moves respectively across, over or under the ball. TopspinA forwards rotation of the ball after a shot Umpireofficial who keeps score during the match UnderspinA backwards rotation of the ball after a shot WinnerA shot that beats an opponent Tennis is a game played between two players in singles or between two teams of two players each in doubles. Each player has a racquet to have the opportunity to hit the tennis ball across the court, over the net into your opponents half of the court. One person on a team or one opponent is the server the other(s) is the receiver. After the server does an overhead shot into the receivers court the opponent is required to hit the tennis ball back until either the ball is out of play or out of the lines on the court or the opponent misses a fair ball.

Fallacies in the Newspaper -- Journalism

The effective use of rhetoric can spur people into action for worthy causes, bring about positive health changes, and even persuade one to finish a college education. In contrast, like most things in life, what can be used for good can also be used in a negative way to elicit emotions such as outrage, fear, and panic. This type of rhetoric often uses fallacious statements in an appeal to emotion which complicates the matter even more as the emotions are misdirected. Unfortunately, the daily newspapers are filled with numerous examples of fallacious statements. Within the past week, the following five examples appeared in the New York Times and USA Today. The examples included statements that demonstrated scapegoating, slippery slope, ad hominem, straw man, line-drawing, arguments from outrage, and arguments from envy. The first example, in an article about the current condition of income and wealth in the United States, the author stated that the fact that Americans are earning less and worth less than four years ago was started by the â€Å"financial crisis and the sharp decline in the value of homes, the principal asset of Americans, followed by the sharp drop in the stock prices. The crisis led to stubbornly high unemployment that cut income for many Americans and made wage increases harder to obtain for those who did hold on to their jobs† (Norris, 2012). The drop in housing prices is used as a scapegoating technique for the general financial condition of Americans. Scapegoating is a technique that places blame on a specific group for a certain circumstance (Moore & Parker, 2012, p. 187). By placing blame on the housing industry, Norris attempts to demonstrate that the American public is largely experiencing financial ... ...Retrieved from New York Times: http://www.nytimes.com/2012/06/09/business/economy/as-recovery-drags-on-income-and-wealth-lag.html Ohio State University. (2012). Statistical Summary. Retrieved from Ohio State University.edu: http://www.osu.edu/osutoday/stuinfo.php Saad, L. (2012). "Pro-choice" Americans at low 41%. Retrieved from Gallup Politics: http://www.gallup.com/poll/154838/Pro-Choice-Americans-Record-Low.aspx?utm_source=alert&utm_medium=email&utm_campaign=syndication&utm_content=morelink&utm_term=All%20Gallup%20Headlines?utm_source=twitter&utm_medium=gallupnews&utm_c Sara Lee Annual Report. (2012). Sara Lee Annual Report 2011. Retrieved from Sara Lee Corporation: http://www.saralee.com/ourcompany/sl11ar/pdf/2011SL_Financials.pdf USDA. (2011). Profiling food consumption in America. Retrieved from USDA.gov: http://www.usda.gov/factbook/chapter2.pdf

Identity In Contemporary European Cinema Film Studies Essay

Analyse the subject of individuality ( e.g. national, gender ) in two movies that you have studied on the faculty. Trainspotting follows the lives of groups of friends in Edinburgh. This movie has been known as an illustration of a ‘ new Scottish film, ‘ which leaves the stereotypes of tartanry and kailyadism which is imposed by film makers from outside Scotland, embraces urban and modern-day Scotland, and is the merchandise of a Scots movie industry. Trainspotting â€Å" non merely breaks with many traits typical of earlier cinematic representation of Scotland, but besides demonstrates the troubles of building a discourse conveying a new Scottish individuality, which is meant to replace the old Tartan and Kailyard stereotypes † . The regional individuality of Trainspotting is Scottishness. This is established through the speech pattern of the characters in the movie and besides the mise-en-scene. The Scots slang is another individuality of Scottishness, and the dark nine scene, Sput and Tommy ‘s conversation is captions, this distinctivness to the non-Scottish audiences have in the apprehension of Scots accents.In the five-a-side game at the beginning of the movie, Renton and Begbie are both have oning viridity and white shirts as one of the Edingburgh squads. This gives the characters their portion of Edinburgh and that they are portion of the Catholic community. The soiled kit they are have oning gives the presence of economic marginalization and low life style. The thought of Scots national individuality is seen throughout the movie. The tourer ideal of Scotland is taken off from the mundane experiences of the characters, and Renton expresses the rejection of â€Å" official † Scotland in the movie ‘s most celebrated scene when the male childs visits the Highlandss. In Trainspotting the Scots idiom in the movie shows the Scots heritage, giving a continual reminder to the viewing audiences of the chauvinistic differences between the English and Scottish. The movie is made amusing by the idiom, which opens a new angle from which to near the audience. In Trainspotting there the female, she is shown as a Heroin nut, compared to the other five males. This goes with the traditional manner to understand the drug subculture as male dominated. The grounds are linked to gendered thoughts about adult females, even the intensions of diacetylmorphine dependences are criminalism, foulness. These things are by and large understood to use to male members of the low societal category. The other female character, Diane, she is seen as strong articulate confident immature miss, really mature for her immature age. She blackmails me to see Renton once more and if he does n't she ‘ll state the constabulary. Nakedness is outnumbered in more with male childs than misss. Renton and Diane in full frontal nakedness, Spud nevertheless is undressed by his girlfriend as he lies on the bed, we see Mother Superior rear as Alison injects Heroin into the venas of his phallus. The camera does non travel in the bare shootings, and there are no close-ups on the private parts and nor does the camera cover the bare organic structures shot ; this objectifies the nudity of the characters in the movie. There is no female or male regard, and the manner which nakedness is shown in the movie, Trainspotting is gender-neutral. This movie is known to be for â€Å" one for the male childs † , it deals with gender issues such as the inquiring of both the male and female duality and the hegemony of heterosexualism. By overstating the gender stereotypes are one of the chief agencies that are used to movie to appeal to the audience is humourous ways. One illustration is Begbie. He is seen depicted as being happening troubles to work out struggles with aid of anything but force. He is seen sitting about in Renton ‘s level have oning his underclothes, and ptyalizing beer on the floor, he is seen being represented as a wholly devoid of emotions that he does non even see his friends dislike him and all this work stoppages is to being over the top but we merely laugh at it. Jamon Jamon is a Spanish movie, filmed in Spain. In this movie there are many elements to the Spanish patriotism that keeps the movie in tradition with Spain. First image that is normally seen throughout the film is the black Bull hoarding. You see the Bull bumper spines are seen throughout Spain, and the intension is linked with Spanish culturalisim, including Bullfighting. In the topographic point Catalunya you would see donkey bumper spines, as significance of Catalan individuality, the low donkey being the symbol of that part. The Bull is the official emblem of Spain, associating it to bull combat. In the decision of the credits, in Jamon Jamon, the black background is shown to be a mammoth hoarding advertisement brandy and stand foring a bull. As the field of vision unfastened to uncover the infinite of narrative action, ( desert scarred by a busy expressway ) a concluding handbill spot of inkiness ( the testiss of the bull ) remains dominant in frame and provides the background for the manager ‘s name. The most obvious, manner the movie defines the position and involvement to be the relationship between the narrative the actions the topographic point and assorted ( symbolic and iconic ) representation of maleness. Another illustration of muscularity and individuality in national civilization is the scene where Raul is practising bullfighting utilizing a wheel-barrow. Raul shootings of him have oning a tight blue trunkss, and gray sleeveless jersey, and shut up shootings are being used to demo his muscularity and shut up of his large phallus pouching through the trunkss. The individuality of male is frequently played with intension of meat. Hence the interlingual rendition of the movie name Jamon Jamon, as Ham Ham. Throughout the movie, there are a batch of shootings of male venereal countries. The scene where they are looking for their following underwear theoretical account, there is a line of good built muscular work forces standing, merely have oning underpants. This gives the intension of the male ‘s meat, shown with close up shootings of each adult male ‘s underpants. Female individuality is shown both dominant, but besides stereotyped. Jose ‘s female parent, Conchita plays the function of a high category concern adult female. She is seen looking glamourous, clean, expensive white apparels, and seen driving a Mercedes. She stands out from the other characters, as even the auto, is much more expensive than other vehicles around in the movie. Lorries and broken minibikes are seen. She seems to hold power with money, corrupting Raul with money to seek and score Silvia to interrupt matrimony with her boy. Silvia nevertheless is like the antonym ; she is seemed to be the on the job category miss of Spain. She has no power, but her gender and artlessness and good expressions bring her ain sort of power. The stereotyped is shown, as she is seen working in a mill, chiefly female workers, who all are run uping underwear for work forces. The male individuality starts off with being masculine. Many scenes of the male, particularly Rauls, are shown to look tough, strong and sexy looking adult male. Audience for the female regard. But so once more, there is little intension to stand for him with jambon. Him being treated like a piece of meat, he is bribed with money and gifts to make things for Conchita. She offers him money to kip with Silvia, and offers him a motor motorcycle and Mercedes if he continues to kip with her. It shows that he has nil, and will be willing to to make anything at a monetary value. The line of meat in the mill all lined up, on ropes, are seen once more in intension traveling back to the scene where they are choosing an underwear theoretical account. They are all lined up similar to the jambon that is tied up in Rauls place. ( 1248 ) Mazierska E and Rascaroli L 2003 From Moscow to Madrid: Postmodernist Cities, European Cinema. London and New York: I.B. Tauris. McArthur C 1982 Scotland and film: the wickedness of the male parents, in C McArthur ( ed. ) Score Reels: Scotland in Cinema and Television. London: BFI: 40-69. Smith M 2002 Trainspotting. London: BFI. Street S 1997 British National Cinema. London: Routledge. Welsh I 2004 Trainspotting. London: Minerva.

Cesaire The Discourse on Colonialism Essay - 1111 Words

In the Discourse on Colonialism, Cesaire illustrates a compelling relationship between colonized states and the proletariat class. He conveys that the proletariat socio-economic class allows for the possible unification of society against the powers of colonialism. Interestingly, the comparison reflects as these elements extend from constructed illusions to unequivocal creeds. By isolating and juxtaposing the two groups, Cesaire is able to elaborate on how he believes that race and class unite to dominate inferior subjects in nations throughout the globe. Throughout the essay, Cesaire provides reasoning for the socially constructed experiences of those dictated by colonial imperialism, particularly Africans, and proletarian conflicts in†¦show more content†¦In such a way, Cesaire believes this assists the application of decivilization into Europe, which in turn illustrates that the Nazism is just a form of colonialism. As a result, Cesaire states â€Å"at the end of capital ism, which is eager to outlive its day, there is Hitler. At the end of formal humanism and philosophic renunciation, there is Hitler† (Cesaire 1955). Cesaire believed that colonialism originates from imperialism, which results from capitalism as a system of complete world order. Thus, racism comes about because of capitalism, not only as fallout to it. The concept of materialism in a historical sense eventually leads to Cesaires conclusion that the proletariat, not the colonized, are necessary to lead the revolution against colonialism as one element of capitalism. He explains that this civilization, â€Å"at a certain point in its history, ï ¬ nds itself obliged, for internal reasons, to extend to a world scale the competition of its antagonistic economies† (Cesaire 1955). In Cesaires mind, capitalism is a direct source of colonialism. This assumption directly implies that the proletariat class cannot not function as a parallel to the colonized nations. It seems as though the proletariat and colonizers do not share relatable experiences of oppression and subjugated persecution. Instead, the colonized civilizations experience their suffering due to inability of the proletariat to form aShow MoreRelatedDiscourse On Colonialism By Aime Cesaire878 Words   |  4 Pages Discourse on Colonialism Aime Cesaire’s Discourse on Colonialism, first published in 1955, reads as a passionate and scathing piece of prose, laying heavy but warranted criticism on Europe, the oppressive classes and those who continue to allow such oppression to continue. 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